Da hostilidade passando pelo reconhecimento até a identificação
Modelos de Estado e Igreja e sua relação com a liberdade religiosa
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30899/dfj.v4i10.459Palavras-chave:
Liberdade Religiosa, Estado-Igreja, Modelos, Hostilidade, Separação, Cooperação, UnidadeResumo
Este artigo descreve seis modelos da relação entre Estado e Igreja: (1) hostilidade agressiva, (2) separação rígida na teoria e na prática, (3) separação e alguma acomodação, (4) divisão e cooperação, (5) unidade formal e (6) unidade material entre Igreja e Estado. Ele se concentra, assim, nos modelos (2) a (5), os quais não são proibidos, como violações da liberdade religiosa, pelas constituições modernas e pelos tratados de direitos humanos. A última parte do artigo discute decisões fundamentais, a maioria das Cortes Constitucionais da Alemanha e dos Estados Unidos, que apontam similitudes e discrepâncias marcantes entre os modelos (2) e (5) nos hard cases.
Referências
V. Ernst-Wolfgang Böckenförde, “Die Entstehung des Staates als Vorgang der Säkularisation”, in: ___, Staat, Gesellschaft, Freiheit, Frankfurt a.M., 1976, p. 42
Christian Walter, “Religionsverfassungsrecht in vergleichender und internationaler Perspektive”, Tübingen, 2006, p. 23
Heinhard Steiger, “Religion und die historische Entwicklung des Völkerrechts”, in: Andreas Zimmermann (ed.), Religion und Internationales Recht, Berlin, 2006, p. 11
Joseph Story, Commentaries on the Constitution, 1833, reedição e introdução de Ronald D. Rotunda/ John E. Nowak, Durham, N.C. 1987, p. 701 (§ 990)
Böckenförde . Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1, 22 ss. (1947)
Rainer Grote, “Die Religionsfreiheit im Spiegel völkervertraglicher Vereinbarungen zur politischen und territorialen Neuordnung”, in: Rainer Grote/Thilo Marauhn (eds.), Religionsfreiheit zwischen individueller Selbstbestimmung, Minderheitenschutz und Staatskirchenrecht. Völker- und verfassungsrechtliche Perspektiven, Berlin, Heidelberg et al. 2001, p. 3
Christoph Grabenwarter, “Religion und Europäische Menschenrechtskonvention”; Eckart Klein/Bernhard Schäfer, “Religionsfreiheit und Internationaler Pakt über bürgerliche und politische Rechte”; Rainer Hofmann, “Religion und Minderheitenschutz”, todos em Zimmermann (nota de roda pé nº 1), p. 97
Krystina Daniel/W. Cole Durham, “Religious Identity as a Component of National Identity: Implications for Emerging Church-State Relations in the Former Socialist Bloc”, in: Andràs Sajó/Shlomo Avineri, (eds.), The Law of Religious Identity. Models for Post-Communism, The Hague, 1999, p. 117, 118
W. Cole Durham, “Perspectives on Religious Liberty: A Comparative Framework”, in: Johan D. van der Vyver/John Witte, (eds.), Religious Human Rights in Global Perspective: Legal Perspectives, The Hague, 1996
Vicki C. Jackson/Mark Tushnet, (eds.), Comparative Constitutional Law, New York, 1999, p. 1157
Karl Marx, do Deutsch-Französischen Jahrbücher (1843/44). in: Karl Marx. Die Frühschriften, editado por Siegfried Landshut, Stuttgart, 1968, p. 155
Iring Fetscher (ed.), Der Marxismus. Seine Geschichte in Dokumenten, 2ª ed., München, 1973, p. 56
Salwyn Schapiro, Anticlericalism. Conflict between Church and State in France, Italy, and Spain, Princeton, N.J., 1967
V. Thomas Giegerich, Religionsfreiheit als Gleichheitsanspruch und Gleichheitsproblem, in: Grote/Marauhn (nota de roda pé nº 4), p. 241
Michel Troper, “The Problem of the Islamic Veil and the Principle of School Neutrality in France”, in: Sajó/Avineri (nota de roda pé nº 6), p. 89
McConnell/Garvey/Berg, Religion and the Constitution, New York, 2002
Zorach v. Clauson, 343 U.S. 306, 319 (1952)
Lynch v. Donnelly, 465 U.S. 668, 710
Philip J. Prygoski, Constitutional Law, 9ª ed., St. Paul, MN, 2003, cap. XIX B 2, p. 294
Board of Education v. Allen, 392 U.S. 236 (1968)
Witters v. Washington Department of Services for the Blind, 474 U.S. 481 (1986)
Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District, 509 U.S. 1 (1993)
Zelman v. Simmons-Harris, 536 U.S. 639 (2002)
Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971)
Everson, 330 U.S., 1, 18
Claus Dieter Classen, Religionsfreiheit und Staatskirchenrecht in der Grundrechtsordnung, Tübingen, 2003, p. 14
Wallace v. Jaffree, 472 U.S. 38, 55 s. (1985)
Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602, 612-613 (1971)
V. Gerhard Robbers, Staat und Kirche in der Europäischen Union, Baden-Baden, 1995
Bernd Jeand’Heur/Stefan Korioth, Grundzüge des Staatskirchenrechts, Stuttgart, 2000
Ernest Caparros/Louis-Leon Christians (eds.), Religion in Comparative Law at the Dawn of the 21st Century, Bruxelles, 2000
European Consortium for Church-State Research (eds.), Religions in European Union Law, Milano, Baden-Baden, 1998
Winfried Brugger/Michael Karayanni (eds.), Religion in the Public Sphere. A Comparative Analysis of German, Israeli, American and International Law, Berlin, 2007
Natan Lerner, Religion, Beliefs, and International Human Rights, Maryknoll, NY, 2000
Heiner Bielefeldt, Muslime im säkularen Rechtsstaat. Integrationschancen durch Religionsfreiheit, Bielefeld, 2003
Larry P. Goodson, Afghanistan’s Endless War. State Failure, Regional Politics, and the Rise of the Taliban, Seattle, 2001
Neamatollah Nojumi, The Rise of the Taliban. Mass Mobilization, Civil War, and the Future of the Region, New York, 2002
Zaheeruddin v. State, 26. S.C.M.R. (S.Ct.) (1993)
Tayyab Mahmud, Freedom of Religion and Religious Minorities in Pakistan: A Study of Judicial Practice, Fordham International Law Journal 19 (1995-96)
L. Carl Brown, Religion and State. The Muslim Approach to Politics, New York, 2000
Martin Kriele, “Habeas Corpus als Urgrundrecht”, in:___ , Recht, Vernunft, Wirklichkeit, Berlin, 1990
McCollum v. Board of Education, 333 U.S. 203 (1948)
Agostini v. Felton, 521 U.S. 203 (1997).
Board of Education v. Allen, 392 U.S. 236 (1968)
Zelman v. Simmons-Harris, 536 U.S. 639 (2002)
Lynch v. Donnelly, 465 U.S. 668 (1984) e County of Allegheny v. ACLU, 492 U.S. 573 (1989)
Van Orden v. Perry, 125 S.Ct. 2854 (2005)
McCreary v. ACLU, 125 S.Ct. 2722 (2005)
Stone v. Graham, 449 U.S. 39 (1980)
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Para acesso ao conteúdo do periódico, favor entrar em contato com:
Editora Fórum
0800 704 3737
vendas@editoraforum.com.br
