Constitucionalismo Digital
Mapeando a resposta constitucional aos desafios da tecnologia digital
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30899/dfj.v15i45.1219Palavras-chave:
Constitucionalismo digital, constitucionalização, ICANN, termos de serviço, declarações de direitos na InternetResumo
“Constitucionalismo digital” é um conceito tentador para explicar a recente emergência de contramedidas constitucionais contra os desafios produzidos pela tecnologia digital. No entanto, a abordagem acadêmica existente não oferece uma imagem unitária dessa noção. Este artigo realiza uma revisão da literatura sobre o tema e propõe uma nova sistematização do quadro teórico em torno do conceito do constitucionalismo digital. Argumenta-se que o constitucionalismo digital representa uma declinação do constitucionalismo moderno. Ele não identifica as respostas normativas aos desafios da tecnologia digital, mas sim incorpora o conjunto de princípios e valores que as informa e orienta. Em contrapartida, as respostas normativas emergentes podem ser consideradas como os componentes de um processo de constitucionalização do meio ambiente digital. À luz das definições adotadas, o artigo acaba por ilustrar uma nova forma de mapear as respostas constitucionais que emergiram até agora para enfrentar os desafios da tecnologia digital. Elas incluem não apenas as ferramentas constitucionais que poderíamos definir como 'clássicas' no contexto do direito constitucional, tais como os textos jurídicos vinculantes produzidos na dimensão estadocêntrica, mas, curiosamente, também novos instrumentos, os quais se desenvolvem na dimensão transnacional de atores privados.
Referências
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András Sajó A, Limiting Government: An Introduction to Constitutionalism (Central European University Press 1999);
Balkin J, 'Virtual Liberty: Freedom to Design and Freedom to Play in Virtual Worlds' (2004) 90 Virginia Law Review 2043;
Blume P, 'Data Protection and Privacy – Basic Concept in a Changing World' (2010) 56 Scandinavian Studies in Law 151.
Bobbio N, Bellamy R (ed) and Griffin R (tr), The Future of Democracy (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press 1991);
Celeste E, 'Terms of Service and Bills of Rights: New Mechanisms of Constitutionalisation in the Social Media Environment?' (2018) International Review of Law, Computer and Technology, https://doi.org/10.1080/13600869.2018.1475898;
Clapham A, Human Rights Obligations of Non-State Actors (OUP 2006);
Cranston M, 'Ideology' in Encyclopaedia Britannica (2014) https://www.britannica.com/topic/ideology society/Introduction;
De Minico G, 'Towards an Internet Bill of Rights' (2015) 37 Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review 1;
Engle E, 'Third Party Effect of Fundamental Rights (Drittwirkung)' (2009) 5(2) Hanse Law Review 165;
Fischer-Lescano A, 'Redefining Sovereignty via International Constitutional Moments?' in Michael Bothe, Mary Hellen O'Connel, and Natalino Ronzitti, Redefining Sovereignty: The Use of Force after the Cold War (Brill Nijhoff 2005);
Fischer-Lescano A and Teubner G, 'Regime-collisions: the vain search of legal unity in the fragmentation of global law' (2004) 25 Michigan Journal of International Law 999;
Fitzgerald B, 'Software as discourse? A constitutionalism for information society' (1999) 24(3) Alternative Law Journal 144;
– – 'Software as discourse? The challenge for information law' (2000) 22(2) European Intellectual Property Review 47
Foerstel HN, Freedom of Information and the Right to Know – The Origins and Applications of the Freedom of Information Act (Greenwood Press 1999);
Gill L, Redeker D and Gasser U, 'Towards Digital Constitutionalism? Mapping Attempts to Craft an Internet Bill of Rights' (2015) Berkman Center Research Publication No. 2015-15, https://ssrn.com/abstract=2687120;
Graber CB, 'Bottom-Up Constitutionalism: The Case of Net Neutrality' (2017) i-call working paper no. 1-2017, https://www.rwi.uzh.ch/dam/jcr:1845662e-0650-440f-9a3f-fee197edef62/201701_i call_WP_CBGraber_Bottom-UpConstitutionalism.pdf;
Karavas V and Teubner G, 'www.CompanyNameSucks.com: The Horizontal Effect of Fundamental Rights on 'Private Parties' within Autonomous Internet Law' (2005) 12(2) Constellations 262;
Kay R, 'The State Action Doctrine, the Public-Private Distinction, and the Independence of Constitutional Law' (1993) 10 Constitutional Commentary 329;
Lessig L, Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace (Basic Books 1999);
– – Code: Version 2.0, 2nd ed. (Basic Books 2006);
Mann M, Daly A, Wilson M, Suzor N, 'The limits of (digital) constitutionalism: Exploring the privacy-security (im)balance in Australia' (2018) 80(4) International Communication Gazette 369;
Mayer-Schönberger V and Crowley J, 'Napster's second life?: The regulatory challenges of virtual world' (2006) 100(4) Northwestern University Law Review 1775;
Medeiros FA and Bygrave LA, 'Brazil's Marco Civil da Internet: Does it live up to the hype?' (2015) 31 Computer Law and Security Review 120;
Mifsud Bonnici JP, Self-regulation in cyberspace (Asser Press 2008);
Milewicz K, 'Emerging Patterns of Global Constitutionalisation: Towards a Conceptual Framework' (2009) 16(2) Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 413;
Musiani F, Pavan E and Padovani C, 'Investigating Evolving Discourses on Human Rights in the Digital Age: Emerging Norms and Policy Challenges' (2010) International Association for Media and Communication Research (IAMCR), Annual congress on Human Rights and Communication, Jul 2009, Mexico. https://hal mines-paristech.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00448231;
Mustonen J (ed), The World's First Freedom of Information Act – Andres Chydenius' Legacy Today' (2006) Anders Chydenius Foundation, http://www.chydenius.net/pdf/worlds_first_foia.pdf;
Padovani C and Santaniello M, 'Digital constitutionalism: Fundamental rights and power limitation in the Internet eco-system' (2018) 80(4) International Communication Gazette 295;
Peters A, 'Compensatory Constitutionalism: The Function and Potential of Fundamental International Norms and Structures' (2006) 19 Leiden Journal of International Law 579;
Redeker D, Gill L and Gasser U, 'Towards digital constitutionalism? Mapping attempts to craft an Internet Bill of Rights' (2018) 80(4) International Communication Gazette 302;
Rodotà S, 'Una costituzione per Internet?' (2010) 3 Politica del diritto 337;
Schiff Berman P, 'Cyberspace and the State action debate: the cultural value of applying constitutional norms to “private” regulation' (2000) 71 University of Colorado Law Review 1263;
Simoncini A, 'The Constitutional Dimension of the Internet. Some Research Paths' (2016) EUI Working Papers nº 2016/16;
Slaughter AM and Burke-White W, 'The International Constitutional Moment' (2002) 43(1) Harvard International Law Journal 1;
Suzor N, 'Digital constitutionalism and the role of the rule of law in the governance of virtual communities' (2010) PhD Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, https://eprints.qut.edu.au/37636/;
– – 'The responsibilities of platforms: A new constitutionalism to promote the legitimacy of decentralized governance', Association of Internet Researchers Annual Conference, 5-8 October 2016, Berlin, http://eprints.qut.edu.au/101953/;
Teubner G, Law as an Autopoietic System (European University Institute Press 1993);
– – 'Societal Constitutionalism; Alternatives to State-Centred Constitutional Theory?' in Christian Joerges, Inger Johanne Sand and Gunther Teubner (eds.), Transnational Governance and Constitutionalism. Internacional Studies in the Theory of Private Law (Hart 2004) 3;
– – Constitutional Fragments. Societal Constitutionalism and Globalization (OUP 2012);
Waldron J, 'Constitutionalism: A Skeptical View' (2010) Scholarship @ GEORGETOWN LAW, http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/hartlecture/4;
Weiler JHH Marlene Wind M (eds.), European Constitutionalism Beyond the State (Cambridge University Press 2003);
Wiener A, 'Editorial: Evolving Norms of Constitutionalism' (2003) 9(1) European Law Journal 1;
Yilma KM, 'Digital privacy and virtues of multilateral digital constitutionalism – preliminary thoughts' (2017) 25 International Journal of Law and Information Technology 115;
Zittrain J, 'A Bill of Rights for the Facebook Nation', The Chronicle of Higher Education, 20 April 2009, https://www.chronicle.com/blogs/wiredcampus/jonathan-zittrain-a-bill-of-rights-for-the-facebook nation/4635.
András Sajó A, Limiting Government: An Introduction to Constitutionalism (Central European University Press 1999);
Balkin J, 'Virtual Liberty: Freedom to Design and Freedom to Play in Virtual Worlds' (2004) 90 Virginia Law Review 2043;
Blume P, 'Data Protection and Privacy – Basic Concept in a Changing World' (2010) 56 Scandinavian Studies in Law 151.
Bobbio N, Bellamy R (ed) and Griffin R (tr), The Future of Democracy (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press 1991);
Celeste E, 'Terms of Service and Bills of Rights: New Mechanisms of Constitutionalisation in the Social Media Environment?' (2018) International Review of Law, Computer and Technology, https://doi.org/10.1080/13600869.2018.1475898;
Clapham A, Human Rights Obligations of Non-State Actors (OUP 2006);
Cranston M, 'Ideology' in Encyclopaedia Britannica (2014) https://www.britannica.com/topic/ideology society/Introduction;
De Minico G, 'Towards an Internet Bill of Rights' (2015) 37 Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review 1;
Engle E, 'Third Party Effect of Fundamental Rights (Drittwirkung)' (2009) 5(2) Hanse Law Review 165;
Fischer-Lescano A, 'Redefining Sovereignty via International Constitutional Moments?' in Michael Bothe, Mary Hellen O'Connel, and Natalino Ronzitti, Redefining Sovereignty: The Use of Force after the Cold War (Brill Nijhoff 2005);
Fischer-Lescano A and Teubner G, 'Regime-collisions: the vain search of legal unity in the fragmentation of global law' (2004) 25 Michigan Journal of International Law 999;
Fitzgerald B, 'Software as discourse? A constitutionalism for information society' (1999) 24(3) Alternative Law Journal 144;
– – 'Software as discourse? The challenge for information law' (2000) 22(2) European Intellectual Property Review 47
Foerstel HN, Freedom of Information and the Right to Know – The Origins and Applications of the Freedom of Information Act (Greenwood Press 1999);
Gill L, Redeker D and Gasser U, 'Towards Digital Constitutionalism? Mapping Attempts to Craft an Internet Bill of Rights' (2015) Berkman Center Research Publication No. 2015-15, https://ssrn.com/abstract=2687120;
Graber CB, 'Bottom-Up Constitutionalism: The Case of Net Neutrality' (2017) i-call working paper no. 1-2017, https://www.rwi.uzh.ch/dam/jcr:1845662e-0650-440f-9a3f-fee197edef62/201701_i call_WP_CBGraber_Bottom-UpConstitutionalism.pdf;
Karavas V and Teubner G, 'www.CompanyNameSucks.com: The Horizontal Effect of Fundamental Rights on 'Private Parties' within Autonomous Internet Law' (2005) 12(2) Constellations 262;
Kay R, 'The State Action Doctrine, the Public-Private Distinction, and the Independence of Constitutional Law' (1993) 10 Constitutional Commentary 329;
Lessig L, Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace (Basic Books 1999);
– – Code: Version 2.0, 2nd ed. (Basic Books 2006);
Mann M, Daly A, Wilson M, Suzor N, 'The limits of (digital) constitutionalism: Exploring the privacy-security (im)balance in Australia' (2018) 80(4) International Communication Gazette 369;
Mayer-Schönberger V and Crowley J, 'Napster's second life?: The regulatory challenges of virtual world' (2006) 100(4) Northwestern University Law Review 1775;
Medeiros FA and Bygrave LA, 'Brazil's Marco Civil da Internet: Does it live up to the hype?' (2015) 31 Computer Law and Security Review 120;
Mifsud Bonnici JP, Self-regulation in cyberspace (Asser Press 2008);
Milewicz K, 'Emerging Patterns of Global Constitutionalisation: Towards a Conceptual Framework' (2009) 16(2) Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 413;
Musiani F, Pavan E and Padovani C, 'Investigating Evolving Discourses on Human Rights in the Digital Age: Emerging Norms and Policy Challenges' (2010) International Association for Media and Communication Research (IAMCR), Annual congress on Human Rights and Communication, Jul 2009, Mexico. https://hal mines-paristech.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00448231;
Mustonen J (ed), The World's First Freedom of Information Act – Andres Chydenius' Legacy Today' (2006) Anders Chydenius Foundation, http://www.chydenius.net/pdf/worlds_first_foia.pdf;
Padovani C and Santaniello M, 'Digital constitutionalism: Fundamental rights and power limitation in the Internet eco-system' (2018) 80(4) International Communication Gazette 295;
Peters A, 'Compensatory Constitutionalism: The Function and Potential of Fundamental International Norms and Structures' (2006) 19 Leiden Journal of International Law 579;
Redeker D, Gill L and Gasser U, 'Towards digital constitutionalism? Mapping attempts to craft an Internet Bill of Rights' (2018) 80(4) International Communication Gazette 302;
Rodotà S, 'Una costituzione per Internet?' (2010) 3 Politica del diritto 337;
Schiff Berman P, 'Cyberspace and the State action debate: the cultural value of applying constitutional norms to “private” regulation' (2000) 71 University of Colorado Law Review 1263;
Simoncini A, 'The Constitutional Dimension of the Internet. Some Research Paths' (2016) EUI Working Papers nº 2016/16;
Slaughter AM and Burke-White W, 'The International Constitutional Moment' (2002) 43(1) Harvard International Law Journal 1;
Suzor N, 'Digital constitutionalism and the role of the rule of law in the governance of virtual communities' (2010) PhD Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, https://eprints.qut.edu.au/37636/;
– – 'The responsibilities of platforms: A new constitutionalism to promote the legitimacy of decentralized governance', Association of Internet Researchers Annual Conference, 5-8 October 2016, Berlin, http://eprints.qut.edu.au/101953/;
Teubner G, Law as an Autopoietic System (European University Institute Press 1993);
– – 'Societal Constitutionalism; Alternatives to State-Centred Constitutional Theory?' in Christian Joerges, Inger Johanne Sand and Gunther Teubner (eds.), Transnational Governance and Constitutionalism. Internacional Studies in the Theory of Private Law (Hart 2004) 3;
– – Constitutional Fragments. Societal Constitutionalism and Globalization (OUP 2012);
Waldron J, 'Constitutionalism: A Skeptical View' (2010) Scholarship @ GEORGETOWN LAW, http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/hartlecture/4;
Weiler JHH Marlene Wind M (eds.), European Constitutionalism Beyond the State (Cambridge University Press 2003);
Wiener A, 'Editorial: Evolving Norms of Constitutionalism' (2003) 9(1) European Law Journal 1;
Yilma KM, 'Digital privacy and virtues of multilateral digital constitutionalism – preliminary thoughts' (2017) 25 International Journal of Law and Information Technology 115;
Zittrain J, 'A Bill of Rights for the Facebook Nation', The Chronicle of Higher Education, 20 April 2009, https://www.chronicle.com/blogs/wiredcampus/jonathan-zittrain-a-bill-of-rights-for-the-facebook nation/4635.
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Publicado
2022-03-22
Como Citar
Celeste, E., & da Silva Santarém, P. R. (2022). Constitucionalismo Digital: Mapeando a resposta constitucional aos desafios da tecnologia digital. Revista Brasileira De Direitos Fundamentais & Justiça, 15(45), 63–91. https://doi.org/10.30899/dfj.v15i45.1219
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DOUTRINA ESTRANGEIRA
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