New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
O surgimento da doutrina da actual malice e sua repercussão na jurisprudência da Suprema Corte norte-americana (a proteção da verdade)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30899/dfj.v6i19.312Palavras-chave:
Actual Malice, Jurisprudência, Defamation, Criminal DefamationResumo
O presente artigo consiste na análise da doutrina da actual malice criada no caso New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, bem como suas implicações sobre a jurisprudência da Suprema Corte americana, tais como a ampliação de críticas voltadas contra o Governo e as pessoas que possuem maior visibilidade em sociedade. Ademais, é efetuada uma averiguação dos efeitos positivos e negativos da adoção da doutrina da actual malice pela Corte, não restando dúvidas de que foi um avanço em termos de liberdade de imprensa e de liberdade de expressão.
Referências
BRENNAN, Jr., William J. The Supreme Court and the Meiklejohn Interpretation of the First Amendment. Harvard Law Review, Cambridge/MA, v. 79, nº 1, p. 1-20, November 1965.
BYRD, Mark A. Quotations and Actual Malice: Bridging the Gap Between Fact and Fiction. Northern Illinois University Law Review, v. 10, p. 617-645, 1989-1990.
CHEQUER, Cláudio. A Liberdade de Expressão como Direito Fundamental Preferencial Prima Facie: (análise crítica e proposta de revisão ao padrão jurisprudencial brasileiro). Rio de Janeiro: Lumen Juris, 2011.
CROSMAN, Ralph L. The Legal and Journalist Significance of the Trial of John Peter Zenger. Rocky Mountain Law Review, v. 10, p. 258-268, 1937-1938.
DEFAMATION. In: GARNER, Bryan A (Ed.). Black's Law Dictionary. 9th Ed., Version: 2.0.0 (B10239). West Publishing Corp.: Saint Paul/MN, 2010, iPhone App. No entanto,
o diferenciar da libel e da slander tem sido alvo das críticas de estudiosos, por ser objeto de injustiça. R.F.V. Heuston, Salmond on the Law of Torts 139 (17th ed. 1977). Apud DEFAMATION. In: GARNER, Bryan A (Ed.). Black's Law Dictionary. 9th Ed., Version: 2.0.0 (B10239). West Publishing Corp.: Saint Paul/MN, 2010, iPhone App..
ESTADOS UNIDOS DA AMÉRICA. Section 2 of Chapter LXXIV of the 2nd Session of the 5th Congress, July 14, 1798. In: A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S.
Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 – 1875: United States Statutes at Large. Disponível em: <http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=001/llsl001.db&recNum=719>. Acesso em: 28 fev. 2012.
FARBER, Daniel A., The First Amendment. 2nd Ed. New York: The Foundation Press, 2002.
HILL, Alfred. Defamation and Privacy Under the First Amendment. Columbia Law Review, New York, v. 76, p. 1205-1313, December 1976.
HULL, Katrina. Criminal Defamation. University of Kansas School of Law, p. 1-20, 2003.
IRYAMI, Raymond. Give the Dead their Day in Court: Implying a Private Cause of Action for Defamation of the Dead from Criminal Libel Statutes. The Fordham Intellectual
Property, Media & Entertainment Law Journal, New York, v. 9, p. 1083-1124, 2006.
KALVEN JR., Harry. The New York Times Case: A Note On "The Central Meaning Of The First Amendment". The Supreme Court Review, Chicago/IL, v. 1954, p. 191-222,
1964.
LEWIS, Anthony. Liberdade Para as Ideias que Odiamos: Uma Biografia da Primeira Emenda à Constituição Americana. Trad. Rosana Nucci. São Paulo: Aracati, 2011.
LEWIS, Anthony. New York Times v. Sullivan. Reconsidered: Time to Return to “The Central Meaning of the First Amendment”. Columbia Law Review, New York, v. 83, p. 603-625, 1983.
LIVELY, Donald E. Landmark Supreme Court Cases: A Reference Guide. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1999.
MILL, John Stuart. Da Liberdade de Pensamento e de Expressão. Trad: Maria Helena Garcia. Lisboa: Dom Quixote, 1976.
PASSAPORTIS, Michael. A Law and Norms Critique of the Constitutional Law of Defamation. Virginia Law Review, Charlottesville/VA, v. 90, p. 1985-2042, 1985.
QUIGG, Richard J. Defenses to Group Defamation Actions. Cleveland-Marshall Law Review, Cleveland/OH, v. 13, nº 1, p. 102-110, jan. 1964.
RAY, Roy Robert. Truth: A Defense to Libel. Minnesota Law Review, Minneapolis/MN, v. 16, p. 43-69, 1931-1932.
ROBERTSON, David W. Defamation and the First Amendment: In Praise of Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc. Texas Law Review, Austin/TX, v. 54, p. 199-270, January 1976.
SMITH, Steven D. Skepticism, Tolerance, and truth in the Theory of Free Expression. Southern California Law Review, Los Angeles/CA, v. 60, p. 649-731, 1986-1987.
SMOLLA, Rodney A. Words “Which By Their Very Utterance Inflict Injury”: The Evolving Treatment of Inherently Dangerous Speech in Free Speech Law and Theory. Pepperdine Law Review, Malibu/CA, v. 36, nº 317, p. 317-360, 2009.
STEPHAN, Paul B. The First Amendment and Content Discrimination. Virginia Law Review, Charlottesville/VA, v. 68, p. 203-251.
STONE, Geoffrey R. et al. Constitutional Law. 5 th ed. New York: Aspen Publishers, 2005.
STONE, Geoffrey R. et al. The First Amendment. 3rd ed. New York: Aspen Publishers, 2008.
WATKINS, John J.; SCHWARTZ, Charles W. Gertz and the Common Law of Defamation: Of Fault, Nonmedia Defendants, and Conditional Privilegies. Texas Tech Law Review, v. 15, p. 823-886, 1984.
YOUM, Kyu Ho. Truth as a Libel Defense in the United States: Its Judicial Origin and Statutory Status. Anglo-American Law Review, Chichester, v. 16, p. 38-57, 1987.
BYRD, Mark A. Quotations and Actual Malice: Bridging the Gap Between Fact and Fiction. Northern Illinois University Law Review, v. 10, p. 617-645, 1989-1990.
CHEQUER, Cláudio. A Liberdade de Expressão como Direito Fundamental Preferencial Prima Facie: (análise crítica e proposta de revisão ao padrão jurisprudencial brasileiro). Rio de Janeiro: Lumen Juris, 2011.
CROSMAN, Ralph L. The Legal and Journalist Significance of the Trial of John Peter Zenger. Rocky Mountain Law Review, v. 10, p. 258-268, 1937-1938.
DEFAMATION. In: GARNER, Bryan A (Ed.). Black's Law Dictionary. 9th Ed., Version: 2.0.0 (B10239). West Publishing Corp.: Saint Paul/MN, 2010, iPhone App. No entanto,
o diferenciar da libel e da slander tem sido alvo das críticas de estudiosos, por ser objeto de injustiça. R.F.V. Heuston, Salmond on the Law of Torts 139 (17th ed. 1977). Apud DEFAMATION. In: GARNER, Bryan A (Ed.). Black's Law Dictionary. 9th Ed., Version: 2.0.0 (B10239). West Publishing Corp.: Saint Paul/MN, 2010, iPhone App..
ESTADOS UNIDOS DA AMÉRICA. Section 2 of Chapter LXXIV of the 2nd Session of the 5th Congress, July 14, 1798. In: A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S.
Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 – 1875: United States Statutes at Large. Disponível em: <http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=001/llsl001.db&recNum=719>. Acesso em: 28 fev. 2012.
FARBER, Daniel A., The First Amendment. 2nd Ed. New York: The Foundation Press, 2002.
HILL, Alfred. Defamation and Privacy Under the First Amendment. Columbia Law Review, New York, v. 76, p. 1205-1313, December 1976.
HULL, Katrina. Criminal Defamation. University of Kansas School of Law, p. 1-20, 2003.
IRYAMI, Raymond. Give the Dead their Day in Court: Implying a Private Cause of Action for Defamation of the Dead from Criminal Libel Statutes. The Fordham Intellectual
Property, Media & Entertainment Law Journal, New York, v. 9, p. 1083-1124, 2006.
KALVEN JR., Harry. The New York Times Case: A Note On "The Central Meaning Of The First Amendment". The Supreme Court Review, Chicago/IL, v. 1954, p. 191-222,
1964.
LEWIS, Anthony. Liberdade Para as Ideias que Odiamos: Uma Biografia da Primeira Emenda à Constituição Americana. Trad. Rosana Nucci. São Paulo: Aracati, 2011.
LEWIS, Anthony. New York Times v. Sullivan. Reconsidered: Time to Return to “The Central Meaning of the First Amendment”. Columbia Law Review, New York, v. 83, p. 603-625, 1983.
LIVELY, Donald E. Landmark Supreme Court Cases: A Reference Guide. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1999.
MILL, John Stuart. Da Liberdade de Pensamento e de Expressão. Trad: Maria Helena Garcia. Lisboa: Dom Quixote, 1976.
PASSAPORTIS, Michael. A Law and Norms Critique of the Constitutional Law of Defamation. Virginia Law Review, Charlottesville/VA, v. 90, p. 1985-2042, 1985.
QUIGG, Richard J. Defenses to Group Defamation Actions. Cleveland-Marshall Law Review, Cleveland/OH, v. 13, nº 1, p. 102-110, jan. 1964.
RAY, Roy Robert. Truth: A Defense to Libel. Minnesota Law Review, Minneapolis/MN, v. 16, p. 43-69, 1931-1932.
ROBERTSON, David W. Defamation and the First Amendment: In Praise of Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc. Texas Law Review, Austin/TX, v. 54, p. 199-270, January 1976.
SMITH, Steven D. Skepticism, Tolerance, and truth in the Theory of Free Expression. Southern California Law Review, Los Angeles/CA, v. 60, p. 649-731, 1986-1987.
SMOLLA, Rodney A. Words “Which By Their Very Utterance Inflict Injury”: The Evolving Treatment of Inherently Dangerous Speech in Free Speech Law and Theory. Pepperdine Law Review, Malibu/CA, v. 36, nº 317, p. 317-360, 2009.
STEPHAN, Paul B. The First Amendment and Content Discrimination. Virginia Law Review, Charlottesville/VA, v. 68, p. 203-251.
STONE, Geoffrey R. et al. Constitutional Law. 5 th ed. New York: Aspen Publishers, 2005.
STONE, Geoffrey R. et al. The First Amendment. 3rd ed. New York: Aspen Publishers, 2008.
WATKINS, John J.; SCHWARTZ, Charles W. Gertz and the Common Law of Defamation: Of Fault, Nonmedia Defendants, and Conditional Privilegies. Texas Tech Law Review, v. 15, p. 823-886, 1984.
YOUM, Kyu Ho. Truth as a Libel Defense in the United States: Its Judicial Origin and Statutory Status. Anglo-American Law Review, Chichester, v. 16, p. 38-57, 1987.
Downloads
Publicado
2012-06-30
Como Citar
da Silva, D. S. (2012). New York Times Co. v. Sullivan: O surgimento da doutrina da actual malice e sua repercussão na jurisprudência da Suprema Corte norte-americana (a proteção da verdade). Revista Brasileira De Direitos Fundamentais & Justiça, 6(19), 262–278. https://doi.org/10.30899/dfj.v6i19.312
Edição
Seção
DOUTRINA NACIONAL
Licença
Para acesso ao conteúdo do periódico, favor entrar em contato com:
Editora Fórum
0800 704 3737
vendas@editoraforum.com.br
